handicraft
How to make scented candles
materials needed
* paraffin wax
* wick or cotton roll
* aroma oil of your choice
* dried flowers or left out potpourri for decoration
Instructions
#1
take a transparent bowl in which you want to make a candle, place dried flowers or potpourri on the inside edge of the container so that it is visible from inside and when you pour wax into the container, it looks like it is a part of the candle.
#
Step 2
Place paraffin wax in a mixing bowl and place it on a hot boiling water pot, place it in such a way as melting the chocolate. let the wax come to a melting point, add a few drops of aroma oil of your choice to the wax to make it scented.
#
Step 3
Take the cotton wool in length wise make it loose. make sure you have the correct length to make a wick long enough for the container. now rub the length of the wool hard between your palms like you are warming up your hands. now you have a home made wick.
#
Step 4
pour the hot wax into the container and immediately place the ready made wick or the wick you made in the center of the container so that one end touches the bottom and the other end is hanging out right in the middle. wrap the hanging end on to a skewer and place it on the container so that it supports the wick to stay right in place.
#
Step 5
Let the whole thing set at room temperature. If you want the candle not in the container just dip the container in warm water and see the candle slip off it. leave it in the container for that perfect showroom effect.
#
Step 6
Lit the candle and enjoy the experience.
fishery
How to Make a Fish Pond Cheap
materials
*Shovel Pond liner Pond pump Rocks Tape measure Scissors
Instructions
#1
Sketch the shape of your pond with your shovel. Use your tape measure to measure both the longest and the widest parts of the pond. Multiply the width times the length to get the rough square footage of your pond.
#
Step 2
Go to your local hardware store. When you purchase your pond liner, double the pond's square footage number from Step 1 in order to have plenty of liner around the edges and covering the bottom of the pond. Purchase a simple, inexpensive pond pump.
#
Step 3
Dig out your pond to a depth of around 3 feet. You can also taper the depth of your pond by making a deep end of 3 feet and sloping up to a depth of approximately 1 foot at the shallow end.
#
Step 4
Cover your pond with your pond liner. Gently walk on the liner in the bottom of the fish pond. Step it down lightly so it sits snugly on the ground. Use your scissors to cut around the edges, leaving an extra foot of length on all sides.
#
Step 5
Use the dirt dug from the pond to cover all the edges of the pond liner. Step it down lightly with your shoes to make sure it's secured to the ground. Place rocks around the edges of the pond.
#
Step 6
Take your pump and place it in the deep end of the pond, or the center if your fish pond is the same depth everywhere. Take the power cord and thread it through the rocks lining the pond's edge. Use your garden hose to fill the pond up until the water is about 3 inches under the pond edge. Plug in your pump and bury the power cord.
Friday, July 9, 2010
Monday, July 5, 2010
Moist Chocolate Cake
Ingredients
* 1 3/4 cups all-purpose flour
* 1 cup cocoa powder
* 1 teaspoon baking powder
* 1 teaspoon baking soda
* 1/4 teaspoon salt
* 1 cup hot brewed coffee
* 1/2 cup butter or margarine
* 1 cup white sugar
* 2 eggs
* 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
* Frosting:
* 1 1/2 cups confectioners' sugar
* 1 cup cocoa powder
* 1/2 cup butter or margarine
* 1 1/4 teaspoons vanilla extract
* 1/2 cup hot milk
Directions
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease and flour a 9x13 or two 9 inch round pans. Sift together the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt. Set aside. In a small bowl, combine hot coffee with 1 cup cocoa and let cool to lukewarm.
2. In a large bowl, cream together the 1/2 cup butter and 1 cup sugar until light and fluffy. Add the eggs one at a time, beating well with each addition, then stir in the 1 teaspoon vanilla. Add the flour mixture alternately with the coffee and cocoa mixture; beat well.
3. Pour batter into a 9x13 inch cake or two 9 inch round pans. Bake in the preheated oven for 45 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the cake comes out clean. Allow to cool.
4. To make the frosting: In a medium bowl, combine confectioners sugar, 1 cup cocoa, 1/2 cup butter and 1 1/4 teaspoons vanilla. Mix until smooth. Add hot milk a teaspoon at a time to make a smooth, spreadable consistency. Spread onto cooled cake.
FOODS1 PALITAO
Ingredients
* 1 c (125g) Sweet rice flour shopping list
* 3 c (750ml) water shopping list
* 3 c Grated fresh coconut shopping list
* 2 c toasted sesame seeds shopping list
2 c (500g) sugar How to make it
* In a mixing bowl, combine the sweet rice flour and water to make a smooth dough. With floured hands shape the dough into small patties, 3 inches (8cm) in diameter and ½ inch (1cm) thick.
* Bring water in a saucepan to a boil and drop in the patties. When they float to the top, scoop them out and coat with grated coconut. Sprinkle with sesame seeds and sugar. Serve immediately.
TLE50
GRAPICS
Book Binding
Materials Required
* Sheets of paper (depending upon the size of the book)
* Piece of cardboard
* Wallpaper, contact paper, felt or cotton fabric
* Paper cutter
* A pair of scissors
* White glue or wallpaper paste
* Needle with a large eye
* Twine, carpet thread, crochet thread or quilting thread.
Procedure
For the Book
Determine the size of the book that you require. Fold the sheets midway. If you want a book of 5 1/2″ x 9″ dimensions use sheets of paper having dimensions of 11″ x 18″ as folding them midway will give you pages of the desired size. Each side of a folded sheet of paper will give four pages. Hence divide the number of pages you want to have for your book by 4. Use one sheet extra than the number that you get. This extra sheet will serve as the first and the last page onto which the cover will be pasted.
Place all the sheets on top of each other. Fold them midway. Clip all the four edges to hold the sheets in place. You can also clip the center of the fold. Beginning ½ '' from the top of the fold, start marking for holes at regular intervals. Make holes with the needles and sew the book along the holes.
For the Cover
Cut two cardboard pieces in the shape of the book. These pieces could be the same size or a little larger than the book's dimensions. Place the two pieces on the felt, cloth or the material you are using to cover the cardboard pieces such that there is a gap of 1/8″ to 1/4″ between them. Draw the outline of the cardboard pieces on the material with a pencil. Remove the cardboard pieces. Now cut the material one inch around the entire outside of the pencil mark.
Apply glue to the cardboard pieces and place them along the pencil mark. Apply glue to the one inch of extra material along the border of the cardboard pieces. Fold in the four corners so that the tip of the corners of the material lies on the diagonal of the cardboard piece. Now fold in the material along the sides of the cardboard. Let the cover dry.
Apply glue to the outer sides of the first and the last page of the book. Place the book carefully along the center of the two cardboard pieces and smooth down. Close the book and place some weight over it. Leave it to dry for a few days.
food processing
Mixed Fruit Cocktail
Mixed Fruit Cocktail
* 3 lbs peaches
* 3 lbs pears
* 1-1/2 lbs slightly underripe seedless green grapes
* 10-oz jar of maraschino cherries
* 3 cups sugar
* 4 cups water
Yield: About 6 pints
Please read Using Boiling Water Canners before beginning. If this is your first time canning, it is recommended that you read Principles of Home Canning.
Procedure: Stem and wash grapes, and keep in ascorbic acid solution. Dip ripe but firm peaches, a few at a time, in boiling water for 1 to 1-1/2 minutes to loosen skins. Dip in cold water and slip off skins. Cut in half, remove pits, cut into 1/2-inch cubes and keep in solution with grapes. Peel, halve, and core pears. Cut into 1/2-inch cubes, and keep in solution with grapes and peaches. Combine sugar and water in a saucepan and bring to boil. Drain mixed fruit. Add 1/2 cup of hot syrup to each jar Then add a few cherries and gently fill the jar with mixed fruit and more hot syrup, leaving 1/2-inch headspace.
agriculture
composting garbage
There are all kinds of things to compost. The following is just a short list of what can go into a compost pile:
· All green garden waste
· Coffee grounds
· Old cotton, silk, or wool clothing (torn up)
· Eggshells
· Floor sweepings
· Hair and nail clippings
· Paper and cardboard
· Cardboard packaging
· Egg Cartons (not Styrofoam)
· Old Greeting Cards
· Shredded documents
· Toilet-paper rolls
· Used tissues and kitchen towels
· Waxed paper
· Wrapping paper
· Rabbit or hamster bedding
· Tea bags
· Vacuum-cleaner dust
· Vegetable waste (cooked or raw)
· Wood ash
· Weeds from the yard and garden
· Tough kitchen waste such as corn cobs should be broken up or smashed with a hammer
Composting is very easy, and doesn’t require any exact science. It is important to add both green and non-green materials to the pile, and alternate the layers if possible. Here is how I go about making compost:
I wake up in the morning and eat a banana. I put the banana peel in a cup sitting on my counter. I chop up some lettuce for a salad for lunch. I put the bad parts of the lettuce in the cup with the banana peel. I peel and orange for a snack. I put the orange peel in the cup with the banana peel and bad lettuce. I make some tea. I put the tea bag in the cup with the banana peel, bad lettuce, and orange peels. This goes on for a few days, adding things to the cup, until it’s full. I then take the cup out and dump it in the compost pile.
On Saturday, I mow the grass, and bag half the lawn and mulch the rest. I add the grass clippings from the bag into the compost pile. This goes on week after week, and sooner or later I have a full compost bin, and I start another one. It’s that simple.
I try to make sure and add some fibrous material in between the layers of grass clippings. This allows for air to enter the pile, and helps the process of breaking down the materials.
If it hasn’t rained in a while, I might poor a few cups of water on the pile to keep it moist. Otherwise, it just sits out in the back of my yard, slowly, but surely turning into the great brown stuff, that is so excellent for putting around my vegetable plants.
What to avoid putting in your compost pile:
· Cat or dog litter
· Coal ash
· Dairy products
· Disposable diapers
· Fish and meat waste
· Oil or fats
· Laminated Cardboard (juice and milk cartons)
· Telephone directories
· Very shiny magazines
electricity
series parallel connection
MATERIALS:
* light bulbs
* wire
* lamp bulbs
* or 3-4 circuit set ups with battery holder
* Electricity Slideshow
PROCEDURE:
1. Using the alligator clips, lamp holders, and lamps, erect a series and parallel circuit as in the diagrams below. The more bulbs you put on the series circuit, the more voltage you will need. Go over the difference between the circuits. Point out that the lights get dimmer on a series circuit, the lights are all illuminated the same on a parallel circuit.
2. Ask students why simple circuits might not be appropriate in their house. Give them clues. Are the appliances all on the same wire? If they are, what happens when one is turned off? Is the circuit broken? If it is broken, will a circuit work? If available, show 2 types of Christmas lights (the ones that will light up even if one is out is a parallel circuit; the ones that won't light up if one is out is a series circuit). Demonstrate by removing the bulbs and see what happens. If it is parallel the lights will stay on, if it is series all the lights will go out.
3. Ask students which one they would want in their house. Discuss that the circuit board they made was a simple series circuit. Almost all electrical circuits in homes are parallel. Use the enclosed worksheet to emphasize that parallel circuits are used in our home. Students can add appliances on the picture to represent their house. Have them write a paragraph of the different uses of electricity in their house.
clothing
How to Make a Pleated Skirt
Things You'll Need:
* 2 yards of 44 inch fabric
* Matching thread
* 8 to 10 buttons
* Soft measuring tape
* Iron
* Ironing board
* Press cloth
* Straight pins
* Sewing machine
Make the Pleats
#1
Cut a strip of fabric 4 inches wide off the lower (long) edge of the fabric. This will be used for the waistband.
#
Step 2
Cut the fabric in half, parallel to the selvages. (The selvages are the finished edges that are often white and have the name of the fabric printed on them.)
#
Step 3
Place the two sections of fabric right sides together and stitch them together along one short edge. Press the seam open.
#
Step 4
Hem the lower edge of the fabric by folding the edge 1/4 inch toward the wrong side and pressing the fold flat. Fold the edge over 1/2 inch toward the wrong side and press it flat. Topstitch along the edge of the fold.
#
Step 5
Decide how wide you want the pleats (you may need to experiment with different folds to see what looks good). Fold the fabric over the width you want the pleat, starting with the area around the seam, to make sure the seam gets hidden underneath a pleat. Measure each fold for exact pleats, or judge them by eye for simpler, but less perfect pleats.
#
Step 6
Press each pleat firmly using a hot iron and a damp press cloth.
#
Step 7
Pin the pleats in place along the top of the fabric. Set the sewing machine to the longest stitch length. Baste across the pleats, 1/4 inch from the top of the fabric.
Sew the Skirt
#1
Measure the fullest part of your hips. Trim the pleated fabric so that it’s about 3 inches wider than this measurement.
#
Step 2
Fold each end under about 1/2 inch (if it isn’t already folded in a pleat) and press the fold flat. Topstitch along each fold.
#
Step 3
Cut a waistband from the strip of fabric that’s 3 1/2 inches wide and 3 1/2 inches longer than your waist. Fold each short end of the waistband 1/2 inch toward the wrong side of the fabric and press the folds flat.
#
Step 4
Fold the waistband in half wrong sides together and press it flat. Topstitch across the short ends of the waistband.
#
Step 5
Place the waistband face down on the top of the skirt, lining up the raw edge of the waistband with the top of the skirt.
#
Step 6
Pin the waistband in place. If the skirt is wider than the waistband, you can ease in the extra fabric by making tiny little folds between each pleat.
#
Step 7
Stitch the waistband to the skirt using 1/2 inch seam allowance.
#
Step 8
Add buttonholes to one end of the skirt and buttons to the other, making sure to line up the buttons and buttonholes. To wear the skirt, overlap the open edges and button them in place.
pluming and pluming
How to Make Hollow Concrete Blocks
Instructions
#1
Inflate a beach ball and use a felt pen to draw a circle around the top, with the air valve in the center. This will be the opening of your concrete block.
#
Step 2
Apply water-based concrete-releasing agents to the entire surface of the ball.
#
Step 3
Wrap strips of hardware cloth around the surface of the ball, leaving the area inside the drawn circle clear. Be sure the strips remain as evenly spaced as possible: Multiple layers on top of one another will create an uneven surface, which makes it trickier to get the concrete sphere right.
#
Step 4
Place a layer of wet concrete around the surface of the ball. The layer should be a uniform 1/2 inch thick around the entire surface. The area inside the drawn circle should be kept completely free of concrete mix.
#
Step 5
Allow the concrete to harden for at least 24 hours.
#
Step 6
Deflate the ball and carefully remove it from the concrete.
#
Step 7
Add additional layers of concrete over the first until the block is of the desired thickness. You may wish to do this in stages, adding a little concrete at a time instead of placing it all on at once.
welding
welding metal
materials needed
# welding machine
# welding rod
# helmet
# gloves
# steel shoe
If you want to know how to weld metal, you're going to need to know what type of materials you are working with. What kind of metals do you want to weld? Mild steel, stainless steel and aluminum are the three most common metals that are welded.
Yes you can weld other materials such as cast iron and more exotic metals such as titanium but this article is only going to cover the more common metals.
The most common ways to weld metal are with electricity, as in, using a welder. You can use oxy acetylene equipment which uses a mixture of acetylene gas and oxygen gas. This is more of an old-school technique and is hardly ever used for any DIY welding.
Gas welding is good for sheet metal. For example, I still know of a couple of muffler shops in town who use gas welding for all of their repairs.
You can use an arc welder which is also known as a stick welder to weld metal. These welding machines are very simple by design and last through years or abuse. They use what is called a welding electrode. The welding electrode is a small length of wire, on average about a foot long, that is coated in what's called a flux. As you weld this flux is slowly burnt off and goes around the weld puddle to protect it from oxygen and other gases in the air.
Using a mig welding machine is now the most common way to weld.
A mig welder is also known as a wire feed welder and is very easy to use when you want to learn how to weld metal. Using one of these machines you install a spool of welding wire, attach your earth clamp to your work piece and adjust your power settings. Then all you have to do is pull the trigger on the welding gun and you're away. Mig welding is a very fast, simple and easy process to learn.
For more delicate work you can use what is called a TIG. These machines are good for a very precise welding. A lot of sheet metal fabricator's will rely on these machines because the power can go that low you can weld extremely thin materials. And as a bonus, depending on how big your machine is some of them can put out an awful lot of power for heavier welding applications.
Spot welding is another way to weld metal. It is commonly used again in thin sheet metal welding.
The way a spot welder works is you put the two pieces of sheet steel between the two electrodes and hit the button. The welding arc will zap between the two electrodes and weld the two pieces of steel together. This method is very commonly used in the automotive industry.
drafting
Isometric Drawing
An isometric view of an object will provide a view of three sides.
It is important to choose the best view to provide the most detail.
All lines are at either 30 degrees except for vertical lines (90 degrees)
How to draw an isometric
#1
Start by completing a sketch of the object using the crating method.
This helps visualize the finished object
#2 Set the drawing angle to 30.
#3
Start at the corner of the object and measure line lengths.
#4
Once basic measurements are in place,
other lines can be drawn and the edit tools used to clean up intersections.
Ingredients
* 1 3/4 cups all-purpose flour
* 1 cup cocoa powder
* 1 teaspoon baking powder
* 1 teaspoon baking soda
* 1/4 teaspoon salt
* 1 cup hot brewed coffee
* 1/2 cup butter or margarine
* 1 cup white sugar
* 2 eggs
* 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
* Frosting:
* 1 1/2 cups confectioners' sugar
* 1 cup cocoa powder
* 1/2 cup butter or margarine
* 1 1/4 teaspoons vanilla extract
* 1/2 cup hot milk
Directions
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease and flour a 9x13 or two 9 inch round pans. Sift together the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt. Set aside. In a small bowl, combine hot coffee with 1 cup cocoa and let cool to lukewarm.
2. In a large bowl, cream together the 1/2 cup butter and 1 cup sugar until light and fluffy. Add the eggs one at a time, beating well with each addition, then stir in the 1 teaspoon vanilla. Add the flour mixture alternately with the coffee and cocoa mixture; beat well.
3. Pour batter into a 9x13 inch cake or two 9 inch round pans. Bake in the preheated oven for 45 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the cake comes out clean. Allow to cool.
4. To make the frosting: In a medium bowl, combine confectioners sugar, 1 cup cocoa, 1/2 cup butter and 1 1/4 teaspoons vanilla. Mix until smooth. Add hot milk a teaspoon at a time to make a smooth, spreadable consistency. Spread onto cooled cake.
FOODS1 PALITAO
Ingredients
* 1 c (125g) Sweet rice flour shopping list
* 3 c (750ml) water shopping list
* 3 c Grated fresh coconut shopping list
* 2 c toasted sesame seeds shopping list
2 c (500g) sugar How to make it
* In a mixing bowl, combine the sweet rice flour and water to make a smooth dough. With floured hands shape the dough into small patties, 3 inches (8cm) in diameter and ½ inch (1cm) thick.
* Bring water in a saucepan to a boil and drop in the patties. When they float to the top, scoop them out and coat with grated coconut. Sprinkle with sesame seeds and sugar. Serve immediately.
TLE50
GRAPICS
Book Binding
Materials Required
* Sheets of paper (depending upon the size of the book)
* Piece of cardboard
* Wallpaper, contact paper, felt or cotton fabric
* Paper cutter
* A pair of scissors
* White glue or wallpaper paste
* Needle with a large eye
* Twine, carpet thread, crochet thread or quilting thread.
Procedure
For the Book
Determine the size of the book that you require. Fold the sheets midway. If you want a book of 5 1/2″ x 9″ dimensions use sheets of paper having dimensions of 11″ x 18″ as folding them midway will give you pages of the desired size. Each side of a folded sheet of paper will give four pages. Hence divide the number of pages you want to have for your book by 4. Use one sheet extra than the number that you get. This extra sheet will serve as the first and the last page onto which the cover will be pasted.
Place all the sheets on top of each other. Fold them midway. Clip all the four edges to hold the sheets in place. You can also clip the center of the fold. Beginning ½ '' from the top of the fold, start marking for holes at regular intervals. Make holes with the needles and sew the book along the holes.
For the Cover
Cut two cardboard pieces in the shape of the book. These pieces could be the same size or a little larger than the book's dimensions. Place the two pieces on the felt, cloth or the material you are using to cover the cardboard pieces such that there is a gap of 1/8″ to 1/4″ between them. Draw the outline of the cardboard pieces on the material with a pencil. Remove the cardboard pieces. Now cut the material one inch around the entire outside of the pencil mark.
Apply glue to the cardboard pieces and place them along the pencil mark. Apply glue to the one inch of extra material along the border of the cardboard pieces. Fold in the four corners so that the tip of the corners of the material lies on the diagonal of the cardboard piece. Now fold in the material along the sides of the cardboard. Let the cover dry.
Apply glue to the outer sides of the first and the last page of the book. Place the book carefully along the center of the two cardboard pieces and smooth down. Close the book and place some weight over it. Leave it to dry for a few days.
food processing
Mixed Fruit Cocktail
Mixed Fruit Cocktail
* 3 lbs peaches
* 3 lbs pears
* 1-1/2 lbs slightly underripe seedless green grapes
* 10-oz jar of maraschino cherries
* 3 cups sugar
* 4 cups water
Yield: About 6 pints
Please read Using Boiling Water Canners before beginning. If this is your first time canning, it is recommended that you read Principles of Home Canning.
Procedure: Stem and wash grapes, and keep in ascorbic acid solution. Dip ripe but firm peaches, a few at a time, in boiling water for 1 to 1-1/2 minutes to loosen skins. Dip in cold water and slip off skins. Cut in half, remove pits, cut into 1/2-inch cubes and keep in solution with grapes. Peel, halve, and core pears. Cut into 1/2-inch cubes, and keep in solution with grapes and peaches. Combine sugar and water in a saucepan and bring to boil. Drain mixed fruit. Add 1/2 cup of hot syrup to each jar Then add a few cherries and gently fill the jar with mixed fruit and more hot syrup, leaving 1/2-inch headspace.
agriculture
composting garbage
There are all kinds of things to compost. The following is just a short list of what can go into a compost pile:
· All green garden waste
· Coffee grounds
· Old cotton, silk, or wool clothing (torn up)
· Eggshells
· Floor sweepings
· Hair and nail clippings
· Paper and cardboard
· Cardboard packaging
· Egg Cartons (not Styrofoam)
· Old Greeting Cards
· Shredded documents
· Toilet-paper rolls
· Used tissues and kitchen towels
· Waxed paper
· Wrapping paper
· Rabbit or hamster bedding
· Tea bags
· Vacuum-cleaner dust
· Vegetable waste (cooked or raw)
· Wood ash
· Weeds from the yard and garden
· Tough kitchen waste such as corn cobs should be broken up or smashed with a hammer
Composting is very easy, and doesn’t require any exact science. It is important to add both green and non-green materials to the pile, and alternate the layers if possible. Here is how I go about making compost:
I wake up in the morning and eat a banana. I put the banana peel in a cup sitting on my counter. I chop up some lettuce for a salad for lunch. I put the bad parts of the lettuce in the cup with the banana peel. I peel and orange for a snack. I put the orange peel in the cup with the banana peel and bad lettuce. I make some tea. I put the tea bag in the cup with the banana peel, bad lettuce, and orange peels. This goes on for a few days, adding things to the cup, until it’s full. I then take the cup out and dump it in the compost pile.
On Saturday, I mow the grass, and bag half the lawn and mulch the rest. I add the grass clippings from the bag into the compost pile. This goes on week after week, and sooner or later I have a full compost bin, and I start another one. It’s that simple.
I try to make sure and add some fibrous material in between the layers of grass clippings. This allows for air to enter the pile, and helps the process of breaking down the materials.
If it hasn’t rained in a while, I might poor a few cups of water on the pile to keep it moist. Otherwise, it just sits out in the back of my yard, slowly, but surely turning into the great brown stuff, that is so excellent for putting around my vegetable plants.
What to avoid putting in your compost pile:
· Cat or dog litter
· Coal ash
· Dairy products
· Disposable diapers
· Fish and meat waste
· Oil or fats
· Laminated Cardboard (juice and milk cartons)
· Telephone directories
· Very shiny magazines
electricity
series parallel connection
MATERIALS:
* light bulbs
* wire
* lamp bulbs
* or 3-4 circuit set ups with battery holder
* Electricity Slideshow
PROCEDURE:
1. Using the alligator clips, lamp holders, and lamps, erect a series and parallel circuit as in the diagrams below. The more bulbs you put on the series circuit, the more voltage you will need. Go over the difference between the circuits. Point out that the lights get dimmer on a series circuit, the lights are all illuminated the same on a parallel circuit.
2. Ask students why simple circuits might not be appropriate in their house. Give them clues. Are the appliances all on the same wire? If they are, what happens when one is turned off? Is the circuit broken? If it is broken, will a circuit work? If available, show 2 types of Christmas lights (the ones that will light up even if one is out is a parallel circuit; the ones that won't light up if one is out is a series circuit). Demonstrate by removing the bulbs and see what happens. If it is parallel the lights will stay on, if it is series all the lights will go out.
3. Ask students which one they would want in their house. Discuss that the circuit board they made was a simple series circuit. Almost all electrical circuits in homes are parallel. Use the enclosed worksheet to emphasize that parallel circuits are used in our home. Students can add appliances on the picture to represent their house. Have them write a paragraph of the different uses of electricity in their house.
clothing
How to Make a Pleated Skirt
Things You'll Need:
* 2 yards of 44 inch fabric
* Matching thread
* 8 to 10 buttons
* Soft measuring tape
* Iron
* Ironing board
* Press cloth
* Straight pins
* Sewing machine
Make the Pleats
#1
Cut a strip of fabric 4 inches wide off the lower (long) edge of the fabric. This will be used for the waistband.
#
Step 2
Cut the fabric in half, parallel to the selvages. (The selvages are the finished edges that are often white and have the name of the fabric printed on them.)
#
Step 3
Place the two sections of fabric right sides together and stitch them together along one short edge. Press the seam open.
#
Step 4
Hem the lower edge of the fabric by folding the edge 1/4 inch toward the wrong side and pressing the fold flat. Fold the edge over 1/2 inch toward the wrong side and press it flat. Topstitch along the edge of the fold.
#
Step 5
Decide how wide you want the pleats (you may need to experiment with different folds to see what looks good). Fold the fabric over the width you want the pleat, starting with the area around the seam, to make sure the seam gets hidden underneath a pleat. Measure each fold for exact pleats, or judge them by eye for simpler, but less perfect pleats.
#
Step 6
Press each pleat firmly using a hot iron and a damp press cloth.
#
Step 7
Pin the pleats in place along the top of the fabric. Set the sewing machine to the longest stitch length. Baste across the pleats, 1/4 inch from the top of the fabric.
Sew the Skirt
#1
Measure the fullest part of your hips. Trim the pleated fabric so that it’s about 3 inches wider than this measurement.
#
Step 2
Fold each end under about 1/2 inch (if it isn’t already folded in a pleat) and press the fold flat. Topstitch along each fold.
#
Step 3
Cut a waistband from the strip of fabric that’s 3 1/2 inches wide and 3 1/2 inches longer than your waist. Fold each short end of the waistband 1/2 inch toward the wrong side of the fabric and press the folds flat.
#
Step 4
Fold the waistband in half wrong sides together and press it flat. Topstitch across the short ends of the waistband.
#
Step 5
Place the waistband face down on the top of the skirt, lining up the raw edge of the waistband with the top of the skirt.
#
Step 6
Pin the waistband in place. If the skirt is wider than the waistband, you can ease in the extra fabric by making tiny little folds between each pleat.
#
Step 7
Stitch the waistband to the skirt using 1/2 inch seam allowance.
#
Step 8
Add buttonholes to one end of the skirt and buttons to the other, making sure to line up the buttons and buttonholes. To wear the skirt, overlap the open edges and button them in place.
pluming and pluming
How to Make Hollow Concrete Blocks
Instructions
#1
Inflate a beach ball and use a felt pen to draw a circle around the top, with the air valve in the center. This will be the opening of your concrete block.
#
Step 2
Apply water-based concrete-releasing agents to the entire surface of the ball.
#
Step 3
Wrap strips of hardware cloth around the surface of the ball, leaving the area inside the drawn circle clear. Be sure the strips remain as evenly spaced as possible: Multiple layers on top of one another will create an uneven surface, which makes it trickier to get the concrete sphere right.
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Step 4
Place a layer of wet concrete around the surface of the ball. The layer should be a uniform 1/2 inch thick around the entire surface. The area inside the drawn circle should be kept completely free of concrete mix.
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Step 5
Allow the concrete to harden for at least 24 hours.
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Step 6
Deflate the ball and carefully remove it from the concrete.
#
Step 7
Add additional layers of concrete over the first until the block is of the desired thickness. You may wish to do this in stages, adding a little concrete at a time instead of placing it all on at once.
welding
welding metal
materials needed
# welding machine
# welding rod
# helmet
# gloves
# steel shoe
If you want to know how to weld metal, you're going to need to know what type of materials you are working with. What kind of metals do you want to weld? Mild steel, stainless steel and aluminum are the three most common metals that are welded.
Yes you can weld other materials such as cast iron and more exotic metals such as titanium but this article is only going to cover the more common metals.
The most common ways to weld metal are with electricity, as in, using a welder. You can use oxy acetylene equipment which uses a mixture of acetylene gas and oxygen gas. This is more of an old-school technique and is hardly ever used for any DIY welding.
Gas welding is good for sheet metal. For example, I still know of a couple of muffler shops in town who use gas welding for all of their repairs.
You can use an arc welder which is also known as a stick welder to weld metal. These welding machines are very simple by design and last through years or abuse. They use what is called a welding electrode. The welding electrode is a small length of wire, on average about a foot long, that is coated in what's called a flux. As you weld this flux is slowly burnt off and goes around the weld puddle to protect it from oxygen and other gases in the air.
Using a mig welding machine is now the most common way to weld.
A mig welder is also known as a wire feed welder and is very easy to use when you want to learn how to weld metal. Using one of these machines you install a spool of welding wire, attach your earth clamp to your work piece and adjust your power settings. Then all you have to do is pull the trigger on the welding gun and you're away. Mig welding is a very fast, simple and easy process to learn.
For more delicate work you can use what is called a TIG. These machines are good for a very precise welding. A lot of sheet metal fabricator's will rely on these machines because the power can go that low you can weld extremely thin materials. And as a bonus, depending on how big your machine is some of them can put out an awful lot of power for heavier welding applications.
Spot welding is another way to weld metal. It is commonly used again in thin sheet metal welding.
The way a spot welder works is you put the two pieces of sheet steel between the two electrodes and hit the button. The welding arc will zap between the two electrodes and weld the two pieces of steel together. This method is very commonly used in the automotive industry.
drafting
Isometric Drawing
An isometric view of an object will provide a view of three sides.
It is important to choose the best view to provide the most detail.
All lines are at either 30 degrees except for vertical lines (90 degrees)
How to draw an isometric
#1
Start by completing a sketch of the object using the crating method.
This helps visualize the finished object
#2 Set the drawing angle to 30.
#3
Start at the corner of the object and measure line lengths.
#4
Once basic measurements are in place,
other lines can be drawn and the edit tools used to clean up intersections.
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